Andrew Forrester looks at different uses of “by” as a preposition, and gives you practical examples
The word“by” is very common in English. It can be used in lots of different situations and contexts. It is mostly used as a preposition but it can also in fact be used as an adverb. In this article, I explain the common uses of “by” as a preposition.
“by” + place
The meaning is: beside, at the side of, next to, close to
examples:
- The house is by a river.
- David lives by a train station.
- I would love to live in a house by the sea.
“by” + method of transport
This structure describes how you travel somewhere.
by + train car boat plane taxi bus coach
examples:
- David went to Manchester by train.
- I go to work by car.
- My parents often go to France by boat.
- Our children have never travelled by plane before.
“by” + method of communication
This structure describes how you communicate with someone.
by + telephone post email fax
examples:
- I spoke to her by telephone.
- I will send you the invoice by post.
- Please confirm the order by email.
“by” + method of payment
This structure describes how you pay for something.
by + credit card cheque
examples:
- We paid for the computer by cheque.
- Can I pay by credit card?
Note that we do not use “by” for cash payments. We use the preposition “in”:
- David paid in cash for the newspaper.
It is also possible to omit the preposition completely, particularly in spoken English:
- David paid cash for the newspaper.
“by” and the passive
In the passive voice, “by” indicates WHO is doing the action.
First, let’s look at a sentence using the active voice:
- David is cleaning the kitchen.
In the above sentence, “David” is the person doing the action. When we convert this sentence to the passivevoice, we say:
- The kitchen is being cleaned by David.
Here are some more examples. These are in the past tense:
- Sarah wrote the book. (active)
The book was written by Sarah. (passive) - Our school organised the concert. (active)
The concert was organised by our school. (passive)
“by” + reflexive pronoun
by + myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves
This structure means to do something alone.
examples:
- I enjoy reading by myself.
- Sarah is studying by herself.
- Let’s do something by ourselves.
- My parents often go on holiday by themselves.
“by” + -ING verb
This structure describes how to do something. It gives us more information about how to achieve a particular result.
example:
- You can turn on the radio by pressing that button.
question:
How can I turn on the radio?
answer:
by pressing the button
The phrase“pressing the button” describes how to do something (how to turn on the radio).
“by” + time expression
The meaning of this structure is: not later than;before or at a particular time
We use this structure for deadlines. A deadline is the time before which something must be done.
examples:
- Guests must vacate their hotel rooms by 11 am.
- Please send us the payment by tomorrow.
- Students must enrol by the end of June.
You may also like:
- How to Say “Sorry” in English
- The Evolution Of The Military Salute
- Games to Learn English
Written by Andrew Forrester for EnglishClub.com
Andrew obtained the TESOL qualification in 2003 and has many years' teaching experience. He is the owner of CrownAcademyEnglish.
© EnglishClub.com
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Preposition of time
at:- Point of Time (HH:MM)
In :- period or Duration of time
On: Proper day or date like (dd:mm:yyyy)
Preposition of place
At: point of place or location
In: Area of place or inside of
on: upper serface
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Please comment on the use of “By” in the following title of an article:
“The most advanced archery BY Master Bow.” To clarify, Master Bow’s archery is the subject of the article, he is not the writer of it.
Could or should “By” be substituted with “Of”?
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“Come by” and “drop by” are perfectly good English but I think the “by” here is an adverb not a preposition. Prepositions have objects. In your examples the “by” qualifies the verb :)
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While reading the description of the article, I tried to think about various uses.
Having read it, I realised that I know of one use that was not directly covered. It relates to first use, but lacks the actual place, or splits the place from the occurrence of “by”.
Examples:
. Why don’t you drop by and see for yourself?
. I will be at home, if you want to come by.
Given how confusing this construct must appear to non-English speakers, I thought that it was worth mentioning.
Having written this, I have realised that the expression “come by” itself has at least two meanings.
The first is as shown in the second example above, meaning “come to where I am”.
The second means to acquire or obtain, which seems to relate to the meaning of “near”:
Examples:
. I will give it to you if I come by one.
I am not certain that this use is “good English”, but it is certainly used on occasions.
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